Cobalt Information
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Cobalt Element
Cobalt-based blue pigments
(cobalt blue) have been used since ancient times for jewelry and paints, and to
impart a distinctive blue tint to glass, but the color was later thought to be
due to the known metal bismuth. Miners had long used the name kobold ore
(German for goblin ore) for some of the blue-pigment-producing minerals; they
were so named because they were poor in known metals, and gave poisonous
arsenic-containing fumes when smelted. In 1735, such ores were found to be
reducible to a new metal (the first discovered since ancient times), and this
was ultimately named for the kobold.
Cobalt is one of the three metals
that are ferromagnetic at room temperature. It dissolves slowly in dilute
mineral acids, does not combine directly with either hydrogen or nitrogen, but
will combine, on heating, with carbon, phosphorus, or sulfur. Cobalt is also
attacked by oxygen and by water vapour at elevated temperatures, with the
result that cobaltous oxide, CoO (with the metal in the +2 state), is produced.
Natural cobalt is all stable
isotope cobalt-59, from which the longest-lived artificial radioactive isotope
cobalt-60 (5.3-year half-life) is produced by neutron irradiation in a nuclear
reactor. Gamma radiation from cobalt-60 has been used in place of X-rays or
alpha rays from radium in the inspection of industrial materials to reveal
internal structure, flaws, or foreign objects. It has also been used in cancer
therapy, in sterilization studies, and in biology and industry as a radioactive
tracer.
Today, some cobalt is produced
specifically from one of a number of metallic-lustered ores, such as cobaltite
(CoAsS). The element is, however, more usually produced as a by-product of
copper and nickel mining. The copper belt in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo (DRC) and Zambia yields most of the global cobalt production. World
production in 2016 was 116,000 tonnes (according to Natural Resources Canada),
and the DRC alone accounted for more than 50%.[4]
Cobalt is primarily used in
lithium-ion batteries, and in the manufacture of magnetic, wear-resistant and
high-strength alloys. The compounds cobalt silicate and cobalt(II) aluminate
(CoAl2O4, cobalt blue) give a distinctive deep blue color to glass, ceramics,
inks, paints and varnishes. Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable isotope,
cobalt-59. Cobalt-60 is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a
radioactive tracer and for the production of high-energy gamma rays.
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