Lutetium Information
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Lutetium Element
Lutetium is a chemical element
with the symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a silvery white metal, which
resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. Lutetium is the last
element in the lanthanide series, and it is traditionally counted among the
rare earths. Lutetium is sometimes considered the first element of the
6th-period transition metals, although lanthanum is more often[4] considered as
such.
Lutetium was independently
discovered in 1907 by French scientist Georges Urbain, Austrian mineralogist
Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, and American chemist Charles James.[5] All of
these researchers found lutetium as an impurity in the mineral ytterbia, which
was previously thought to consist entirely of ytterbium. The dispute on the
priority of the discovery occurred shortly after, with Urbain and Welsbach
accusing each other of publishing results influenced by the published research
of the other; the naming honor went to Urbain, as he had published his results
earlier. He chose the name lutecium for the new element, but in 1949 the
spelling of element 71 was changed to lutetium. In 1909, the priority was
finally granted to Urbain and his names were adopted as official ones; however,
the name cassiopeium (or later cassiopium) for element 71 proposed by Welsbach
was used by many German scientists until the 1950s.
In its pure form, lutetium
metal is silvery white and stable in air. The metal is easily dissolved in
diluted acids—except hydrofluoric acid (HF), in which a protective layer of
LuF3 forms on the surface and prevents the metal from further dissolution. The
metal is paramagnetic from 0 K (−273 °C, or −460 °F) to its melting point at
1,936 K (1,663 °C, or 3,025 °F) with a temperature-independent magnetic
susceptibility between approximately 4 and 300 K (−269 and 27 °C, or −452 and
80 °F). It becomes superconducting at 0.022 K (−273.128 °C, or −459.63 °F) and
pressures exceeding 45 kilobars.
Lutetium was discovered in
1907–08 by Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach and Georges Urbain, working
independently. Urbain derived the name for the element from Lutetia, the
ancient Roman name for Paris, to honour his native city. The name lutetium
became widely accepted except in Germany, where it was commonly called
cassiopeium until the 1950s. One of the rarest of the rare earths, lutetium
occurs in rare-earth minerals such as laterite clays, xenotime, and euxenite.
Though lutetium composes only trace mounts (less than 0.1 percent by weight) of
the commercially important minerals bastnasite and monazite, it has proved
feasible to extract the metal as a by-product. Lutetium is also found in the
products of nuclear fission.
Lutetium is not a particularly
abundant element, although it is significantly more common than silver in the
earth's crust. It has few specific uses. Lutetium-176 is a relatively abundant
(2.5%) radioactive isotope with a half-life of about 38 billion years, used to
determine the age of minerals and meteorites. Lutetium usually occurs in
association with the element yttrium[6] and is sometimes used in metal alloys
and as a catalyst in various chemical reactions. 177Lu-DOTA-TATE is used for
radionuclide therapy (see Nuclear medicine) on neuroendocrine tumours. Lutetium
has the highest Brinell hardness of any lanthanide, at 890–1300 MPa.
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