Fermium Information
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Fermium Element
Fermium
is a synthetic element with the symbol Fm and atomic number 100. It is an
actinide and the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of
lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in
macroscopic quantities, although pure fermium metal has not yet been
prepared.[3] A total of 19 isotopes are known, with 257Fm being the
longest-lived with a half-life of 100.5 days.
It
was discovered in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and
named after Enrico Fermi, one of the pioneers of nuclear physics. Its chemistry
is typical for the late actinides, with a preponderance of the +3 oxidation
state but also an accessible +2 oxidation state. Owing to the small amounts of
produced fermium and all of its isotopes having relatively short half-lives,
there are currently no uses for it outside basic scientific research
Atomic
Number: 100 Atomic Symbol: Fm Atomic Weight: 257 Melting Point: 2,781 F (1,527
C) Boiling Point: Unknown
Word
Origin: Fermium was named for Italian physicist and Nobel Laureate Enrico
Fermi, who developed the first artificial, self-sustaining nuclear reactor. He
was recently deceased at the time of the element’s discovery.
Discovery:
In 1952, fermium was discovered from the fallout of the “Ivy Mike” ten-megaton
nuclear test in the South Pacific. This was the first successful hydrogen
fusion bomb detonation, and it also produced einsteinium.
Fermium
was officially identified by Albert Ghiorso and his team when they returned
from the South Pacific to their labs at University of California, Berkeley and
studied coral from the test site. They found 255Fm, a daughter of einsteinium
isotope beta decay. Fermium’s discovery was kept under wraps until 1955 on
orders from the U.S. military, due to Cold War tensions.
Properties
of fermium
As
the heaviest synthetic element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of
lighter elements, fermium is the heaviest element that can be prepared in
macroscopic quantities. [See Periodic Table of the Elements]
Fermium
metal has not been prepared, though alloys with rare earth metals have been
produced. The alloy of fermium and ytterbium is shiny and silver. Measurements
and predictions have been made from that and other alloys. It has been deduced
that fermium metals will be usually in a divalent state but could form a
trivalent state with modest compression.
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