Argon Information
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Argon Element
Argon is a chemical element
with the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic
table and is a noble gas.[6] Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the
Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). It is more than twice as abundant as
water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), 23 times as
abundant as carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as
neon (18 ppmv). Argon is the most abundant noble gas in Earth's crust,
comprising 0.00015% of the crust.
Nearly all of the argon in the
Earth's atmosphere is radiogenic argon-40, derived from the decay of
potassium-40 in the Earth's crust. In the universe, argon-36 is by far the most
common argon isotope, as it is the most easily produced by stellar
nucleosynthesis in supernovas.
In cosmic abundance, argon
ranks approximately 12th among the chemical elements. Argon constitutes 1.288
percent of the atmosphere by weight and 0.934 percent by volume and is found
occluded in rocks. Although the stable isotopes argon-36 and argon-38 make up
all but a trace of this element in the universe, the third stable isotope,
argon-40, makes up 99.60 percent of the argon found on Earth. (Argon-36 and
argon-38 make up 0.34 and 0.06 percent of Earth’s argon, respectively.) A major
portion of terrestrial argon has been produced, since the Earth’s formation, in
potassium-containing minerals by decay of the rare, naturally radioactive
isotope potassium-40. The gas slowly leaks into the atmosphere from the rocks
in which it is still being formed. The production of argon-40 from potassium-40
decay is utilized as a means of determining Earth’s age (potassium-argon
dating).
The name "argon" is
derived from the Greek word ἀργόν,
neuter singular form of ἀργός meaning "lazy"
or "inactive", as a reference to the fact that the element undergoes
almost no chemical reactions. The complete octet (eight electrons) in the outer
atomic shell makes argon stable and resistant to bonding with other elements.
Its triple point temperature of 83.8058 K is a defining fixed point in the
International Temperature Scale of 1990.
Argon is produced industrially
by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Argon is mostly used as an inert
shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where
ordinarily unreactive substances become reactive; for example, an argon
atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from
burning. Argon is also used in incandescent, fluorescent lighting, and other
gas-discharge tubes. Argon makes a distinctive blue-green gas laser. Argon is
also used in fluorescent glow starters.
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