Ytterbium Information
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Ytterbium Element
Ytterbium is a chemical element
with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is the fourteenth and penultimate
element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability
of its +2 oxidation state. However, like the other lanthanides, its most common
oxidation state is +3, as in its oxide, halides, and other compounds. In
aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble ytterbium
compounds form complexes with nine water molecules. Because of its closed-shell
electron configuration, its density and melting and boiling points differ
significantly from those of most other lanthanides.
Ytterbium is the most volatile
rare-earth metal. It is a soft, malleable silvery metal that will tarnish
slightly when stored in air and therefore should be stored in vacuum or in an
inert atmosphere when long storage time is required. It slowly oxidizes in air,
forming Yb2O3; the metal is readily dissolved in diluted acids—except
hydrofluoric acid (HF), in which a protective layer of YbF3 forms on the
surface and impedes further chemical reaction. Ytterbium is weakly
paramagnetic, having the lowest magnetic susceptibility of all the rare-earth
metals.
The first concentrate of
ytterbium was obtained in 1878 by Swiss chemist Jean-Charles Galissard de
Marignac and named by him for the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where it (and the
first discovered rare-earth element, yttrium) was found. French chemist Georges
Urbain and Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach independently demonstrated
in 1907–08 that Marignac’s earth was composed of two oxides, which Urbain
called neoytterbia and lutetia. The elements are now known as ytterbium and
lutetium. Ytterbium is among the less-abundant rare earths. It occurs in minute
amounts in many rare-earth minerals such as laterite clays, xenotime, and
euxenite and is found in products of nuclear fission as well.
In 1878, the Swiss chemist Jean
Charles Galissard de Marignac separated from the rare earth "erbia"
another independent component, which he called "ytterbia", for
Ytterby, the village in Sweden near where he found the new component of erbium.
He suspected that ytterbia was a compound of a new element that he called
"ytterbium" (in total, four elements were named after the village,
the others being yttrium, terbium and erbium). In 1907, the new earth
"lutecia" was separated from ytterbia, from which the element
"lutecium" (now lutetium) was extracted by Georges Urbain, Carl Auer
von Welsbach, and Charles James. After some discussion, Marignac's name
"ytterbium" was retained. A relatively pure sample of the metal was
not obtained until 1953. At present, ytterbium is mainly used as a dopant of stainless
steel or active laser media, and less often as a gamma ray source.
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