Tellurium Information
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Tellurium Element
Tellurium is a chemical element
with the symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare,
silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur,
all three of which are chalcogens. It is occasionally found in native form as
elemental crystals. Tellurium is far more common in the Universe as a whole
than on Earth. Its extreme rarity in the Earth's crust, comparable to that of
platinum, is due partly to its formation of a volatile hydride that caused
tellurium to be lost to space as a gas during the hot nebular formation of
Earth,[6] and partly to tellurium's low affinity for oxygen, which causes it to
bind preferentially to other chalcophiles in dense minerals that sink into the
core.
Tellurium-bearing compounds
were first discovered in 1782 in a gold mine in Kleinschlatten, Transylvania
(now Zlatna, Romania) by Austrian mineralogist Franz-Joseph Müller von
Reichenstein, although it was Martin Heinrich Klaproth who named the new
element in 1798 after the Latin word for "earth", tellus. Gold
telluride minerals are the most notable natural gold compounds. However, they
are not a commercially significant source of tellurium itself, which is
normally extracted as a by-product of copper and lead production.
The element tellurium was
isolated before it was actually known to be an elemental species. About 1782
Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, an Austrian mineralogist, worked with an
ore referred to as German gold. From this ore he obtained a material that
defied his attempts at analysis and was called by him metallum problematicum.
In 1798 Martin Heinrich Klaproth confirmed Müller’s observations and
established the elemental nature of the substance. He named the element after
man’s “heavenly body” Tellus, or Earth.
Commercially, the primary use
of tellurium is copper (tellurium copper) and steel alloys, where it improves
machinability. Applications in CdTe solar panels and cadmium telluride
semiconductors also consume a considerable portion of tellurium production.
Tellurium is considered a technology-critical element.
Tellurium has no biological
function, although fungi can use it in place of sulfur and selenium in amino
acids such as tellurocysteine and telluromethionine.[7] In humans, tellurium is
partly metabolized into dimethyl telluride, (CH3)2Te, a gas with a garlic-like
odor exhaled in the breath of victims of tellurium exposure or poisoning.
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