Nobelium Information
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Nobelium Element
Nobelium is a synthetic
chemical element with the symbol No and atomic number 102. It is named in honor
of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science. A
radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member
of the actinide series. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, nobelium
can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements
with charged particles. A total of twelve nobelium isotopes are known to exist;
the most stable is 259No with a half-life of 58 minutes, but the shorter-lived
255No (half-life 3.1 minutes) is most commonly used in chemistry because it can
be produced on a larger scale.
Chemistry experiments have
confirmed that nobelium behaves as a heavier homolog to ytterbium in the
periodic table. The chemical properties of nobelium are not completely known:
they are mostly only known in aqueous solution. Before nobelium's discovery, it
was predicted that it would show a stable +2 oxidation state as well as the +3
state characteristic of the other actinides: these predictions were later
confirmed, as the +2 state is much more stable than the +3 state in aqueous
solution and it is difficult to keep nobelium in the +3 state.
In the 1950s and 1960s, many
claims of the discovery of nobelium were made from laboratories in Sweden, the
Soviet Union, and the United States. Although the Swedish scientists soon
retracted their claims, the priority of the discovery and therefore the naming
of the element was disputed between Soviet and American scientists, and it was
not until 1997 that International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
credited the Soviet team with the discovery, but retained nobelium, the Swedish
proposal, as the name of the element due to its long-standing use in the
literature.
Of the isotopes of nobelium that have been produced,
nobelium-259 (58-minute half-life) is the stablest. Using traces of this
isotope, radiochemists have shown nobelium to exist in aqueous solution in both
the +2 and +3 oxidation states. Cation-exchange chromatography and
coprecipitation experiments showed conclusively that the +2 state is stabler
than the +3 state, an effect more pronounced than was anticipated in comparison
with the homologous lanthanoid element ytterbium (atomic number 70). Thus, No2+
is chemically somewhat similar to the alkaline-earth elements calcium,
strontium, and barium. Nobelium metal has not been prepared, but its properties
have been predicted to be similar to those of the alkaline-earth metals and
europium.
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