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Neodymium Information

Neodymium Information
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Neodymium Element

Neodymium is a chemical element with the symbol Nd and atomic number 60. Neodymium belongs to the lanthanide series and is a rare-earth element. It is a hard, slightly malleable silvery metal that quickly tarnishes in air and moisture. When oxidized, neodymium reacts quickly to produce pink, purple/blue and yellow compounds in the +2, +3 and +4 oxidation states.[5] Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. It is present in significant quantities in the ore minerals monazite and bastnäsite. Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use. Although neodymium is classed as a rare-earth element, it is fairly common, no rarer than cobalt, nickel, or copper, and is widely distributed in the Earth's crust.[6] Most of the world's commercial neodymium is mined in China.
Neodymium is a ductile and malleable silvery white metal. It oxidizes readily in air to form an oxide, Nd2O3, which easily spalls, exposing the metal to further oxidation. The metal must be stored sealed in a plastic covering or kept in vacuum or in an inert atmosphere. It reacts gradually with mineral acids—except hydrofluoric acid (HF), in which it forms a protective layer of trifluoride, NdF3. Neodymium is strongly paramagnetic and orders antiferromagnetically at 7.5 and 19.9 K (−265.7 and −253.3 °C, or −446.2 and −423.9 °F) with spontaneous magnetic moments developing separately on different independent sites, hexagonal and cubic, respectively.

Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach discovered neodymium in 1885 by separating ammonium didymium nitrate prepared from didymia (a mixture of rare-earth oxides) into a neodymium fraction and a praseodymium fraction by repeated crystallization. Of the rare earths, only yttrium, lanthanum, and cerium are more plentiful than neodymium. In the igneous rocks of Earth’s crust, it is more than twice as abundant as lead and about half as plentiful as copper.
Neodymium compounds were first commercially used as glass dyes in 1927, and they remain a popular additive in glasses. The color of neodymium compounds is due to the Nd3+ ion and is often a reddish-purple, but it changes with the type of lighting, because of the interaction of the sharp light absorption bands of neodymium with ambient light enriched with the sharp visible emission bands of mercury, trivalent europium or terbium. Some neodymium-doped glasses are used in lasers that emit infrared with wavelengths between 1047 and 1062 nanometers. These have been used in extremely-high-power applications, such as experiments in inertial confinement fusion. Neodymium is also used with various other substrate crystals, such as yttrium aluminium garnet in the Nd:YAG laser.

Another important use of neodymium is as a component in the alloys used to make high-strength neodymium magnets—powerful permanent magnets.[7] These magnets are widely used in such products as microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, high performance hobby DC electric motors, and computer hard disks, where low magnet mass (or volume) or strong magnetic fields are required. Larger neodymium magnets are used in high-power-versus-weight electric motors (for example in hybrid cars) and generators (for example aircraft and wind turbine electric generators).[8]

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