Neodymium Information
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Neodymium Element
Neodymium is a chemical element
with the symbol Nd and atomic number 60. Neodymium belongs to the lanthanide
series and is a rare-earth element. It is a hard, slightly malleable silvery
metal that quickly tarnishes in air and moisture. When oxidized, neodymium
reacts quickly to produce pink, purple/blue and yellow compounds in the +2, +3
and +4 oxidation states.[5] Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian
chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. It is present in significant quantities in the
ore minerals monazite and bastnäsite. Neodymium is not found naturally in
metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for
general use. Although neodymium is classed as a rare-earth element, it is
fairly common, no rarer than cobalt, nickel, or copper, and is widely
distributed in the Earth's crust.[6] Most of the world's commercial neodymium
is mined in China.
Neodymium is a ductile and
malleable silvery white metal. It oxidizes readily in air to form an oxide,
Nd2O3, which easily spalls, exposing the metal to further oxidation. The metal
must be stored sealed in a plastic covering or kept in vacuum or in an inert
atmosphere. It reacts gradually with mineral acids—except hydrofluoric acid
(HF), in which it forms a protective layer of trifluoride, NdF3. Neodymium is
strongly paramagnetic and orders antiferromagnetically at 7.5 and 19.9 K
(−265.7 and −253.3 °C, or −446.2 and −423.9 °F) with spontaneous magnetic
moments developing separately on different independent sites, hexagonal and
cubic, respectively.
Austrian chemist Carl Auer von
Welsbach discovered neodymium in 1885 by separating ammonium didymium nitrate
prepared from didymia (a mixture of rare-earth oxides) into a neodymium
fraction and a praseodymium fraction by repeated crystallization. Of the rare
earths, only yttrium, lanthanum, and cerium are more plentiful than neodymium.
In the igneous rocks of Earth’s crust, it is more than twice as abundant as
lead and about half as plentiful as copper.
Neodymium compounds were first
commercially used as glass dyes in 1927, and they remain a popular additive in
glasses. The color of neodymium compounds is due to the Nd3+ ion and is often a
reddish-purple, but it changes with the type of lighting, because of the
interaction of the sharp light absorption bands of neodymium with ambient light
enriched with the sharp visible emission bands of mercury, trivalent europium
or terbium. Some neodymium-doped glasses are used in lasers that emit infrared
with wavelengths between 1047 and 1062 nanometers. These have been used in
extremely-high-power applications, such as experiments in inertial confinement
fusion. Neodymium is also used with various other substrate crystals, such as
yttrium aluminium garnet in the Nd:YAG laser.
Another important use of
neodymium is as a component in the alloys used to make high-strength neodymium
magnets—powerful permanent magnets.[7] These magnets are widely used in such
products as microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, high
performance hobby DC electric motors, and computer hard disks, where low magnet
mass (or volume) or strong magnetic fields are required. Larger neodymium
magnets are used in high-power-versus-weight electric motors (for example in
hybrid cars) and generators (for example aircraft and wind turbine electric
generators).[8]
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