Holmium Information
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Holmium Element
Holmium is a chemical element
with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium
is a rare-earth element.
Holmium was discovered through
isolation by Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve and independently by
Jacques-Louis Soret and Marc Delafontaine who observed it spectroscopically in
1878. Its oxide was first isolated from rare-earth ores by Cleve in 1878. The
element's name comes from Holmia, the Latin name for the city of
Stockholm.[3][4][5]
Elemental holmium is a
relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metal. It is too reactive to be
found uncombined in nature, but when isolated, is relatively stable in dry air
at room temperature. However, it reacts with water and corrodes readily and
also burns in air when heated.
Holmium is a moderately hard,
silvery white metal that is relatively stable in air. It readily reacts with
diluted acids but does not react with either diluted or concentrated
hydrofluoric acid (HF), due to formation of a protective surface layer of HoF3.
Holmium is a very strong paramagnet above 133 K (−140 °C, or −220 °F). At that
temperature the metal orders antiferromagnetically, forming a basal plane
spiral structure. At 19 K (−254 °C, or −425 °F) the magnetic moments tilt along
the c-axis lifting out of the basal plane by some 10°, forming a conical
ferrimagnetic structure.
Holmium was discovered
spectroscopically (1878) by Swiss chemists Jacques-Louis Soret and Marc
Delafontaine and independently (1879) by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve, who
separated it chemically from erbium and thulium. Cleve named the element for
his native city of Stockholm, its Latinized name being Holmia. Holmium occurs
associated with other rare earths in laterite clays and in the minerals
xenotime, euxenite, and many others; it also occurs in the products of nuclear
fission.
Holmium is found in the
minerals monazite and gadolinite and is usually commercially extracted from
monazite using ion-exchange techniques. Its compounds in nature and in nearly
all of its laboratory chemistry are trivalently oxidized, containing Ho(III)
ions. Trivalent holmium ions have fluorescent properties similar to many other
rare-earth ions (while yielding their own set of unique emission light lines),
and thus are used in the same way as some other rare earths in certain laser
and glass-colorant applications.
Holmium has the highest
magnetic permeability of any element and therefore is used for the polepieces
of the strongest static magnets. Because holmium strongly absorbs neutrons, it
is also used as a burnable poison in nuclear reactors..
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