Bismuth Information
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Bismuth Element
Bismuth is a chemical element with the symbol Bi and atomic
number 83. It is a pentavalent post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens
with chemical properties resembling its lighter group 15 siblings arsenic and
antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide
form important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead. It is
a brittle metal with a silvery white color when freshly produced, but surface
oxidation can give it an iridescent tinge in numerous colours. Bismuth is the
most naturally diamagnetic element, and has one of the lowest values of thermal
conductivity among metals.
Bismuth was long considered the element with the highest atomic
mass that is stable, but in 2003 it was discovered to be extremely weakly
radioactive: its only primordial isotope, bismuth-209, decays via alpha decay
with a half-life more than a billion times the estimated age of the
universe.[4][5] Because of its tremendously long half-life, bismuth may still be
considered stable for almost all purposes.
History
Bismuth evidently was known in very early times, since it occurs
in the native state as well as in compounds. For a long period, however, it was
not clearly recognized as a separate metal, having been confused with such
metals as lead, antimony, and tin. Miners during the Middle Ages apparently
believed bismuth to be a stage in the development of silver from baser metals
and were dismayed when they uncovered a vein of the metal thinking they had
interrupted the process. In the 15th-century writings of the German monk Basil
Valentine this element is referred to as Wismut, a term that may have been
derived from a German phrase meaning “white mass.” In any case it was Latinized
to bisemutum by the mineralogist Georgius Agricola, who recognized its
distinctive qualities and described how to obtain it from its ores. Bismuth was
accepted as a specific metal by the middle of the 18th century, and works on
its chemistry were published in 1739 by the German chemist Johann Heinrich Pott
and in 1753 by the Frenchman Claude-François Geoffroy.
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