Barium Information
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Barium Element
Barium is a chemical element
with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and
is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical
reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. Its hydroxide,
known in pre-modern times as baryta, does not occur as a mineral, but can be
prepared by heating barium carbonate.
The most common naturally
occurring minerals of barium are barite (now called baryte[5][6]) (barium sulfate,
BaSO4) and witherite (barium carbonate, BaCO3), both insoluble in water. The
name barium originates from the alchemical derivative "baryta", from
Greek βαρύς (barys), meaning "heavy". Baric is the adjectival form of
barium. Barium was identified as a new element in 1774, but not reduced to a
metal until 1808 with the advent of electrolysis.
Some barium compounds that are
released during industrial processes dissolve easily in water and are found in
lakes, rivers, and streams. Because of their water-solubility these barium
compounds can spread over great distances. When fish and other aquatic
organisms absorb the barium compounds, barium will accumulate in their bodies.
Because it forms insoluble
salts with other common components of the environment, such as carbonate and
sulphate, barium is not mobile and poses little risk. Barium compounds that are
persistent usually remain in soil surfaces, or in the sediment of water soils.
Barium is found in most land soils at low levels. These levels may be higher at
hazardous waste sites.
Barium has few industrial
applications. Historically, it was used as a getter for vacuum tubes and in
oxide form as the emissive coating on indirectly heated cathodes. It is a
component of YBCO (high-temperature superconductors) and electroceramics, and
is added to steel and cast iron to reduce the size of carbon grains within the
microstructure. Barium compounds are added to fireworks to impart a green
color. Barium sulfate is used as an insoluble additive to oil well drilling
fluid, as well as in a purer form, as X-ray radiocontrast agents for imaging
the human gastrointestinal tract. The soluble barium ion and soluble compounds
are poisonous, and have been used as rodenticides.
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