Ruthenium Information
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Ruthenium Element
Ruthenium is a chemical element
with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal
belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of
the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Russian-born
scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in
1844 at Kazan State University and named ruthenium in honor of Russia (Ruthenia
is the Latin name of Rus). Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of
platinum ores; the annual production has risen from about 19 tonnes in 2009 [4]
to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017.[5]
Sources of ruthenium
Like other members of the
platinum group, ruthenium occurs natively in mineral deposits in the Ural
Mountains and in North and South America. It is also found in the pyroxinite
deposits South Africa.
To be isolated for commercial
use, it must be produced through a complex chemical process. The final stage
involves the hydrogen reduction of ammonium ruthenium chloride, yielding a
powder. The powder is then consolidated.
Uses of ruthenium
Adding ruthenium is one of the
most effective ways to harden platinum and palladium. It is alloyed with these
metals to make electrical conducts that are extremely wear resistant. A
ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is said to be superconductive at 10.6 K (-440.6 F /
-262.5 C). The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by
addition of 0.1 percent ruthenium.
Ruthenium is a versatile
catalyst. It can be the catalyst to split hydrogen sulfide (H2S) through light,
using an aqueous suspension of cadmium sulfide (CdS) particles loaded with
ruthenium dioxide. This ability could help to remove of H2S from oil refining
and other industrial processes.
Most ruthenium produced is used
in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. A minor
application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemistry catalyst. A
new application of ruthenium is as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet
photomasks. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group
metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but
commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from
Sudbury, Ontario and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa.[6]Ruthenium is a
chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare
transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like
the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other
chemicals. Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus
discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University and named ruthenium in
honor of Russia (Ruthenia is the Latin name of Rus). Ruthenium is usually found
as a minor component of platinum ores; the annual production has risen from
about 19 tonnes in 2009 [4] to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017.[5] Most ruthenium
produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film
resistors. A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a
chemistry catalyst. A new application of ruthenium is as the capping layer for
extreme ultraviolet photomasks. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the
other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South
America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in
pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario and in pyroxenite deposits in South
Africa.[6]
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