Palladium Information
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Palladium Element
Palladium is a chemical element
with the symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous
silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by the English chemist William Hyde
Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after
the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas.
Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of
elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). They have similar
chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the
least dense of them.
More than half the supply of
palladium and its congener platinum is used in catalytic converters, which
convert as much as 90% of the harmful gases in automobile exhaust
(hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide) into less noxious
substances (nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor). Palladium is also used
in electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical
applications, groundwater treatment, and jewelry. Palladium is a key component
of fuel cells, which react hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity, heat,
and water.
A precious gray-white metal,
palladium is extremely ductile and easily worked. Palladium is not tarnished by
the atmosphere at ordinary temperatures. Thus, the metal and its alloys serve
as substitutes for platinum in jewelry and in electrical contacts; the beaten
leaf is used for decorative purposes. Relatively small amounts of palladium
alloyed with gold yield the best white gold. Palladium is used also in dental
alloys. The chief use of palladium, however, is in automobile catalytic
converters (often in combination with rhodium); the palladium serves as a
catalyst to convert polluting hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide
in the exhaust to water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Palladium coatings,
electrodeposited or chemically plated, have been used in printed-circuit
components, and palladium is also used in multilayer ceramic capacitors.
Ore deposits of palladium and
other PGMs are rare. The most extensive deposits have been found in the norite
belt of the Bushveld Igneous Complex covering the Transvaal Basin in South
Africa, the Stillwater Complex in Montana, United States; the Sudbury Basin and
Thunder Bay District of Ontario, Canada, and the Norilsk Complex in Russia.
Recycling is also a source, mostly from scrapped catalytic converters. The
numerous applications and limited supply sources result in considerable
investment interest.
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